Updates and Corrections

Page	Topic	Correct Statements
Air Regulations
7	Class I Medicals	Validity is 12 months till age 40 yrs (for single pilot operations), & 60 yrs (for multi crew operations). After that 6 months.
7	Licence Validity	Licence validity is 5 years. Beyond 5 years: (Not expiry of IR.PPC)
8	ADIZ	India has 6 ADIZ: North, East, West, Centre, South and Sub-South East (Andaman & Nicobar).
10	Air regulations Definitions	VFR Rules: VFR flight not permitted 20 mins after sunset to 20 mins before sunrise. VFR not permitted if cloud ceiling is at a height < 1550’. At a height < 500’ above ground or water. Over cities/gatherings of people, at a height < 1000’ AGL.
65	RVSM	Diagram : On westerly heading Turning left descend 300’.
66	ETOPS	60 min for scheduled flights or 2 eng a/c with pax > 19, AUW > 45360kg. 90 min for non scheduled or 2 eng a/c with pax < 19, AUW < 45360kg.
92	FPL Item 15	If meters, insert ‘M’ in 10s of meters 4 figures, e.g. M0150.
Aerodynamics
101	TAS	TAS = EAS/√ρ/ρ0.
105	Root Chord	Definition: Root chord is Chord length at wing root.
106	AD Centre	Diagram: Points A & B are interchanged.
108	Creation of lift	Diagram: At 4° AoA has -ve pressure.
109	Lift Curve	As Aspect Ratio ↑, CL MAX ↑. Lift vs CL graph for a +ve camber aerofoil intersect on left of origin.
101	LSS	Formula: LSS = 39√T.
112	Induced Downawsh	In conventional aircraft, downwash affects airflow over tailplane, hence ↓ stability. (Aircraft longitudinal stability)
112	Induced Drag	Formula: CDI = CL2 / πAe
113	Induced Drag	Induced drag DI is directly proportional to CL2.
115	Ground Effect	Downwash over tail plane ↓ = nose pitch-down moment ↑.
117	Basic stall speed	Landing gear DOWN ↑ stall speed due to ↑ tail down-force.
119	Pitch Up	This results in moment-arm between CP and CG to decrease, thus causing even more pitch-up.
129	Stability	All 3 stability is ‘about’; not ‘along’ the axes mentioned.
132	Lateral Stability	Aerodynamic Damping in roll causes Neutral Stability.
131	Directional Stability	Dorsal fins contribute to both directional and lateral static stability; Ventral fins contribute to directional static stability but reduces lateral static stability.
132	Wing Position	Diagram: Labels of Anhedral & Dihedral are the other way around.
141	Descend	Derivation: Power for minimum ROD Cotθ = L/D.
142	Steady Turn	Rate of turn is inversely proportional to TAS. Thrust Vectoring: Mig-29 doesn’t have thrust vectoring. Mig-35 has.
143	Wing Loading	W/S wing loading must be minimum. Not S/W
143	Radius of turn	Derivation: r = Vb2 / gSinθ.
143	Max rate of turn	CPF = WV2/gr.
144	Range	SAR directly proportional to 1.32 VIMD, and inversely proportional to √W, √ρ, SFC.
145	Supersonic AD	As aircraft weight ↑, MCRIT ↓ due to increase in AoA.
Airframe
160	Miners rule	80% of ultimate stress collapses airframe.
Aero Engines
187	Turbofan Engine	Corrected formula : VJ VA - VA2 + ½ VJ2 + ½ VA2 - VJ VA
190	Intake	Diagram Label: 1. Critical operation, 3. Super critical operation
197	Combustion	15:1 air:fuel ratio.
209	Lubrication	Parts of Engine Oil System incorrectly mentioned as 'Parts of Engine Fuel System'
Electrics
217	Current	Current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
Instruments
241	ASI	Servo ASI, incorrectly mentioned as Servo Altimeter
242	LSS	Formula: LSS = 39√T.
Radio & Nav Aids
270	Sidebands	This full range of frequencies (899 kHz - 901 kHz).
271	Communication	Sat. comm. Satellite receives signals on 6 GHz & re-transmits them on 1.5 GHz (for aircraft) & and on 4 GHz (for ground stations).
282	Localiser Fq	Correct frequencies are 108.1, 108.15, 108.3…etc.
283	ILS Marker	Middle marker corresponds to ILS CAT I DH
285	Radar Numerical	Q. PRI is 1246 µs. Find max radar range? Ans. Max Range = C x PRI / 2 = (3x108 x 1246x10-5) / 2 = 187 km
285	Range	A continuous wave Radar has no minimum range limitation.
285	Radar	Formula: Minimum Range = (C x PW)/2
286	Doppler radar	8.8 GHz or 13.3 GHz in SHF.
289	Weather Radar	Weather radar scans ±60° of aircraft heading.
294	GBAS	GBAS ground equipment can service, not GABS
294	GAGAN	Correct Full form: GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation
296	EGPWS	If radio altimeter is un-serviceable, basic GPWS & TCF functions are not available, but TAD is available.
297	EGPWS modes	Bank angle readout is Mode 6B; not mode 7 Wind shear alert is mode 7; not mode 8.
300	ADS-B	Title spelling: Dependent; not Depended. ADSB-in, not ABSB-in
301	CPDLC	fill COM/CPDLC in items 10 & 18, not CPLDC.
Navigation
309	Time	Numerical (2) explanation: From LMT at E to UTC, we calculate in westward direction, hence it is -W.
310	Magnetism	Radial is QDR. Deviation is the angle between CN & MN, measured E/W of MN
313	The Earth	1 nm is 6076.1’ (~6080’), 6048’ at the equator, 6108’ at poles
318	GEOREF	Diagram Y axis, 12x15 deg boxes, not 15x15 deg boxes
320	Scale Numerical	Q. On a Mercator chart, scale at 57° is 1:106, Find scale at 27°? Ans. Scale at equator = 1/106 x COS 57 => 1/106 x 1/1.83 => 1:194 Using the same formula again, Scale at equator (1/194) = Scale at 27° x COS 27° Therefore, scale at 27° = 1/194 x 1/COS 27° => 1/194 x 1/0.89 => 1:173
320	Scale	Formula: Scale at Equator = Scale at Lat x COS Lat.
322	Critical Line	Numerical: New critical line has to moved in 060 direction. It will be 615 nm (500 + 115) from A.
Mass & Balance, Performance
345	Climb segment	Diagram: Segment 1 ends at 35’.
352	Standard Atm.	ISA standard atmosphere density is 1.225 kg/m3
356	Density	For 1°C rise in temp above ISA, DA increases by 118’.
365	Atm. Stability	DALR is RH < 99%. SALR is RH > 99%.
368	TAF format	VV030 is Vertical Visibility of 3000ft.
375	Fronts	After a warm front passes, temperature & pressure is steady.
390	Winds	Coriolis Force: Air moving poleward will deflect east (jet streams), & equator-ward moving air will deflect west (easterly trade winds).
Aeromedical Factors
395	BMI	Obese is BMI > 30%
Formulae
409	Rate of Turn	Formula: Rate of Turn = g Tanθ/V
409	Radar	Duty Cycle = PW x PRP Max Range = (C x PRI)/2. Min Range = (C x PW)/2 PRF = C/(Range x 2), PRP = (Range x 2)/C
410	SALR	SALR = 1.5°/1000’.
412	SCA	Numerical: Alter heading by 20° to regain track.

Page	Topic	Correct Statements
Air Regulations
1-8	Transition Layer	It is the airspace layer between TA & TL and is usually < 1500’ thick
1-8	Converging	If two aircraft are converging, aircraft that has the other on the right will give way.
1-78	EDTO	Threshold time: spelling of ‘Single’
1-83	RNAV vs RNP	Table: Last row : RNP 0.3 & not RNP.03
1-91	Fixes	Table: Second last row : D55/MAZ & not 255/MAZ
1-96	Nav-aid/comm Data	Table : 7th row : ‘Marine Beacon Operation Times’ symbology has to be H + 04 & 15(1)
Aerodynamics
2-7	Cricket ball swing	In the ‘Reverse Swing' diagram, labels for the Rough side and the Smooth side are the other way around.
2-34	Manoeuvre stability	First line: ‘trimmed state’ instead to ‘trimmed starting’
Aero Engines
3-16	Turbo Fan	Instead of’ printed twice.
3-20	Fuel Octane Rating	Normal Heptane : Detonates Readily.
Instruments
6-3, 6-7, 6-8	Pitot System ASI Mach meter	Correct statements for Blockage Error table (ASI/Mach meter) are: Pitot Block : Climb - over read, Descend - under read Static Block : Climb - under read, Descend - over read Static Leak : Pressurised a/c: Under read, Unpressurised a/c: Over read
6-10	Compass Swing	Coeff C diagram on the right depicts ‘Aircraft magnetism on Lateral Axis’ & not ‘Longitudinal Axis'
Navigation
8-28	PCTL	A method of losing time in which aircraft turns late after reaching a waypoint, and intercepts the next track
Meteorology
10-3	Isallobar	Line joining places of same pressure change, in a time period
10-3	Isogon	Line joining places of same wind direction, not ‘constant speed’
10-3	Isohel	Line joining places of equal sunshine duration.
Formulae
B-1	Radar Formula	PRF = C/(Range x 2), PRP = (Range x 2)/C

Page	Topic	Correct Statements
Aerodynamics
2-43	Factors affecting ROC	In Formula box, 'Climb Gradient' = ROC/TAS; not 'Angle of Climb'
2-48	Endurance	VMP gives the best Endurance speed for Props, not Range speed. VMD gives the best Endurance speed for Jets, not Range speed
Instruments
6-14	Apparent wander	Apparent wander in vertical axis gyro. Point 3. No 'topple' at poles instead of 'drift'
Radio & Nav Aids
7-13	Static in Precipitation	This ' decreases' the signal to noise ratio. Not 'increases'.
7-26, 7-41	Weather Radar Numerical	Height of Cloud-top is ' 39500 ft'. Not '40000 ft'.
Navigation
8-13	Lamberts conic	Advantages: Since GC are staring lines. Not ‘GS’
Mass, Balance, Performance
9-7	LDR Landing Distance Required	LDR x 1.92 if runway is wet or a grass-runway. (115% of 1.67 × LDR), not 1.62
Meteorology
10-3	Isallobar	Line joining places of same pressure change, in a time period
10-3	Isogon	Line joining places of same wind direction, not ‘constant speed’
10-3	Isohel	Line joining places of equal sunshine duration.
FORMULAE
B-1	Radar Formula	PRF = C/(Range x 2), PRP = (Range x 2)/C